Calcium Ions Aggravate Alzheimer’s Disease
Through the Aberrant Activation of Neuronal Networks,
Leading to Synaptic and Cognitive Deficits

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline, primarily due to the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Recent studies highlight the crucial role of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in the formation of these pathological features. This review explores the molecular mechanisms through which Ca²⁺ dysregulation contributes to AD progression. It examines the influence of Ca²⁺ on neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, and autophagy, particularly focusing on Ca²⁺ transporters in the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Additionally, the review discusses potential therapeutic approaches involving herbal-derived drug candidates. By providing a comprehensive overview, this review aims to bridge the knowledge gaps regarding Ca²⁺’s role in AD pathogenesis and support the development of more effective treatments.